Saturday, December 28, 2019

Pearl Harbor Ethical Dilemma - 1020 Words

President Truman has to make one of the hardest decisions of all time. He had to decide whether it was better to use a weapon of mass destruction, or let the war end on its own. Ultimately, his decisions to use the atomic bomb and end the war was the correct and most ethical decision. This decision was an ethical one because America gave the Japanese ample warning, it saved countless America lives, and it was payback for Pearl Harbor. First what made his decision ethical, Truman gave Japan ample warning time. As the Japanese knew they would be bombed in a few days, they immediately warned civilians to evacuate thirty-five cities. With that being said, for example, â€Å"About 1 million leaflets fell on the targeted cities whose names appeared†¦show more content†¦Truman couldn t release the lives of these individuals futile. I trust that the passing of these fighters settled on his choice to drop the bomb moral. Also, with all that being said, the losses from the U.S. key traditional besieging effort significantly obscured the quantity of people who passed on from the nuclear bombings. The March 1945 firebombing of Tokyo alone murdered exactly 120,000 Japanese. A ground intrusion would have brought about almost endless more setbacks. As one researcher who examined the U.S. attack arrange, Operation Downfall, notes: contingent upon how much Japanese regular people opposed the intrusion, gauges kept runnin g into the millions for Allied setbacks and several millions for Japanese losses(Keck, 2014, p. 1). That being stated, a solid case can be made that Operation Downfall, in any event as it was arranged, wouldn t have been important regardless of the possibility that the U.S. hadn t turned to atomic weapons. Specifically, the Soviet Union s choice to enter the Pacific War against Japan would have absolutely rushed Japan s surrender, and in this way spared lives. The nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki gave Japanese pioneers the reason they expected to make the completely unbelievable move of surrendering. To be sure, the nuclear bombings figured unmistakably in Emperor Hirohito s remarkable discourse to the country declaring Japan s surrender. The adversary has startedShow MoreRelatedTruman s Greatest Moral Dilemma1126 Words   |  5 PagesRachel Green HIST-1302 Spring 2015 Truman’s Greatest Moral Dilemma President Harry S. Truman had a major ethical and moral dilemma in choosing whether or not to use the atomic bomb as a resolution to the war. This came with many advantages and disadvantages. We must consider several facts. President Truman was almost thrown upon the presidential role upon Roosevelt’s death. He was a reliable party man who was well liked by professional politicians. His inexperience and desire to please the AmericanRead MoreFdr Was An Unethical Leader1805 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscussed. Afterwards, the allegation that FDR was an unethical leader will be substantiated. Specifically, the attack on Pearl Harbor, the use of faulty logic, his ethical dilemma, and the internment of Japanese Americans will be scrutinized in order to reinforce the accusation. Finally, my personal relevance regarding my negative behavior and failure to overcome my ethical dilemma will also be examined. Visionary Leader FDR was a visionary leader because he was an inspirational motivator who putRead MoreJap A Nation Of Ancient Traditions And Little Contact With The Western World1197 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved the Pacific and European theaters of war. Leading up to the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese, the Unites States were generally uninvolved in the war excluding minor complications between German and American warships and the attack on the U.S. Navy gunboat Panay by Japanese bi-planes. 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Unfortunately, Doolittle was not an ethical leader in accomplishingRead MoreThe Outline Of The Second World War932 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom scientists, and particularly from his advisers Bush and Conant, that Nazi Germany was well on t he way to developing an atomic weapon, Stimson was alerted to the possibilities of the weapon on 6 November 1941, before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December propelled the United States into the Second World War. - For the Americans, who had consistently undervalued the extent and the variety of destruction of these weapons, the ruin, in a matter of minutes, of large, populous cities presentedRead MoreThe War Of The World War II1454 Words   |  6 Pagesinvestigate alternative plans that would benefit the cause without putting the U.S. directly in the war. Though the war began with Nazi Germany s attack on Poland in September 1939, the U.S. stayed neutral until a surprise attack from Japan on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 killing over 2,000 sailors and wounding 1,000 more. And though the Japanese thought the U.S. wouldn’t be able to build ships fast enough to continue to help Allies after the destruction, therefore allowing Germany to takeoverRead MoreThe United States Of America Elected A New President Essay1588 Words   |  7 Pagesthat can be created through compulsory obedience. This is not just vital to the work of the military but also creates important group dynamics that con tribute to its overall success. However, especially for an active soldier, obedience is an ethical dilemma. If they exert extreme obedience, they will at some point have to obey an authority that lacks important leadership characteristics like charisma or professional skills. Therefore, Lieutenant Colonel Wenker suggests that the soldier should makeRead MoreNuclear Weapons Are The Most Inhumane Weapons Invented1383 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear weapons cause the decimation of cities and prolonged death. In â€Å"Hiroshima† Berger, speaks of the destruction of Hiroshima a city in Japan on August 6th, 1945. In Hiroshima, an A-Bomb was dropped on this city by the Americans in retaliation to Pearl Harbor. The A-Bomb caused prolonged death as stated: â€Å"The latter included long, lingering deaths, radiation sickness, many fatal illnesses which developed later as a result of exposure to the bomb, and tragic genetical effects on generations yet to beRead More The Database Dilemma Essay3843 Words   |  16 PagesThe Database Dilemma Personal privacy today is a controversial and complex topic, which is influenced by a number of factors. There is an integral role that databases play in this highly debated topic. The fact that many people now carry out their transactions electronically is another important factor. There is also pressure on personal privacy for increased national security around the world to combat terrorism. In addition, personal privacy is even threatened by commercial factors and the

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Patagonias Sustainability Strategy DonT Buy Our...

Consumption is a total idealistic practice that has little in common with the actual satisfaction of needs or the principle of reality as there is no moderate consumption at all. A consumer society is a set of relationships where the symbolism of material objects acting as the meaning of life dominates attracting consumers to acquire things and thereby grant themselves a certain status. The case study ‘Patagonia’s Sustainability Strategy: Don’t Buy Our Products’ prepared by Zahir Dossa discusses consumerism and the way Patagonia has decided to challenge this phenomenon. The case study emphasizes on negative waste impacts of consumerism on the environment providing justification why people should purchase only necessary things and protect†¦show more content†¦Both ideas have become popular among the consumers, which also supports the fact that Chouinard should continue challenging consumerism and encourage other businesses to do the same. The study of how Patagonia has managed to reduce the negative impacts of consumerism on the environment allows realizing that the organization should follow this path to continue fighting the negative consequences. In particular, Patagonia should study the way how materials are produced and processes that are involved in manufacturing regarding the negative impact on the environment. In the event of positive results, the company can post its findings in Footprint Chronicles on its website to make the information accessible for everyone and raise concerns regarding the issue. This tactic was already used by the management in 1996 during the transition from the conventional to organic cotton and the introduction of the Footprint Chronicles to standardize the approach (Dossa 3). Another effective company’s strategy is the allocation of 1% of sales or 10% of profits (whichever is greater) to environmental initiatives (Dossa 2). The funds have been used for charitable initiatives. At the same time, Patagonia has managed to adopt this practice so that other companies started following its example. The ‘1% for the Planet’

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Financial Accounting Research Detecting Asset Misappropriation

Question: Discus about the Detecting Asset Misappropriation. Answer: Article Summary On the basis of selected research article, it is summarized that, in the current time, business firms are facing a serious of financialaccounting issues and challenges that directly and indirectly reducing the firms profit, sales, revenue and decreasing reputation in the global business environment. In this research article, the author had explained that, today, corporate fraud is one of the major issue facing companies or firms. Moreover, fraud is also considered a major concern for all the regulators, inventors and external auditors. In addition to this, it is also suggested by the author that, misappropriation of assets within corporate environment is one of the major and common types of occupational fraud. It is also a most common ethical issue in the financial accounting. It is the all about the misuse of a companys assets. If the assets are used for any purpose than company interest, it would be called assets misappropriation (Kassem, 2014). At the same time, in this study, the author had summarized various types of fraud that negatively affect the success of a company. For case, it is explained by the author that, fraud may be internal and external fraud. Internal fraud is basically done and committed by the organizational people within the company. In contrast, the external fraud is the committed by the employees of a company outside the firms and such fraud includes investment fraud, customer fraud, vendors fraud, investors fraud. Hence, internal fraud is also called occupational fraud or corporate fraud. At the same time, the author had explained that, if anyone does misuse organizational assets or resource, it would be called misuse of assets or fraud (Johnson, and Rudesill, 2001). At the same time, the author had classified the types and main categories of fraud such as: financial reporting fraud, asset misappropriation, corruption etc. Additionally, it is suggested by the author that, the internal frauds comes before the external fraud and this is one of the most common and frequent types of fraud. Moreover, it is also suggested that, in order to deal with such fraud, the auditors of the company should examine the factors that are responsible for the fraud. In this study, the author had also discussed and explained the major duties, responsibilities and role of an auditor in dealing with such fraud issues. Apart from this, in order to understand the impact, types and concepts of internal and external fraud, the author had analyzed and discussed the case of Egypt in his study. In the same way, in this study, the researcher had explained and analyzed various categories of the misappropriation of assets and provided suggestion about how to control such issues (Hogan, Rezaee, Riley, and Velury, 2008). For case, it is explained by the researcher in the study that, misappropriation is an illegal and unethical act of stea ling an asset of a company for personal use at the companys expense or misuse of a companys resources. Additionally, several causes of asset misappropriation are discussed and summarized in this article by the author. Finally, the author had critically proposed framework of detecting asset misappropriation (Kassem, and Higson, 2012). Analysis/Critique Strengths of Published Article: The major strength of the research article is that, it provides a clear description about the various types of financialaccounting issues. This study is providing information about the types of fraud, categories of asset misappropriation. This research article is also directly related with the financialaccounting issues such as: misappropriation of assets (Srivastava, Mock, and Turner, 2009). This research article examines various areas of asset misappropriation that had never been examined and this could be used for the further research (Wells, 2004). This study is also more valuable and significant for the readers in understanding the nature of frauds and their classification. This research/publish articles suggests a specific framework that could be used by the external auditor in order to deal with the financial accounting issues. The author used literature, questionnaire, and a semi-structured interview to conduct the study that is important in addressing the research question and solve the research problem (Dahawy, Shehata, and Ransopher, 2010). Weaknesses of the Published Article: The main weaknesses of the published article are listed as below: In this study, the author had mainly focused on secondary method of data collection by ignoring the primary method of data collection Lack of graphical representation of information is also a major weakness of the study The study indicates that there are no clear research questions, research objectives and research gaps in the study that affected the outcomes of the study (Wells, 2004). In the research, the researcher had used more complicated sampling techniques to collect the sample No statistical and mathematical models of financial accounting are used to present the study by the author that is main limitation of the study conducted by the author (Pedneault, 2004). Implications to the Accounting Profession: The research done by the author has several implications for the Accounting profession. For case, the study could be used by the accountants, auditors and financial managers in order to understand and analyze the nature, types, classification, concepts related to red flags, fraud detection techniques, occupational fraud, audit procedures, audit expectation gap, audit quality, audit risk etc (Shelton, Whittington, and Landsittel, 2001). In addition, this, the accounting professional could also understand the impact of fraud not only on the firms performance but also on the individual performance. Moreover, the auditors could also understand their roles and functions in avoiding of different kinds of frauds. For instance, this research study is provide a clear direction to the people related to the accounting profession that what are the major causes that are responsible for the fraud in the organizations (Srivastava, Mock, and Turner, 2009). Furthermore, this study is also provides opportunity to the accountants or auditors about how to follow specific process to avoid fraud. On the other hand, the accounting people would also be able to understand and analyze the current financial accounting issues that faced by the business firms and their negative impact on the firms reputation as well as productivity. In the same way, the accounting people would be able to understand the financial accounting concepts, issues, problems. Along with this, this study can also help the internal and external auditors in understanding their roles and functions in maintaining the audit quality by using several audit process, methods and techniques (Pedneault, 2004). Relevance to the Unit Financial Accounting Theory: The research study conducted by the researcher is directly related to the course unit of financial accounting theory. During the study of course, it is studied that, there are various types of fraud exits within a company that create serious issues in the front of the companies. Moreover, it is also studied during the course work that, various specific and dynamic fraud detection techniques could be used by the auditor or company to deduct the fraud (Wells, 2005). In addition to this, it is also important to know that, the nature and categories of asset misappropriation aspect of the research article is directly related with the core unit financial accounting theory. For instance, at the time of classroom session, it is studied that frauds may be different in the nature and impact (Wells, 2004). Additionally, all the types of frauds have negative impact on the organizational financial situation and create a lot of challenges in the front of companies. Data analysis and research results part of the research article is also relevant with the unit. For case, it is acknowledged that, there are several methods and techniques could be adopted by a company in order to deal with the fraud issues (Johnson, and Rudesill, 2001). Finally, the Red flag for skimming schemes addressed in the article is also related with the course unit. During the classroom studies, different types of skimming schemes are learned. Recommendation On the basis of above discussion, it can be recommended that, the auditors/researcher should use primary method properly and effectively to collect the fresh, real and accurate information in order to fulfill the aims and objectives of the study. Additionally, it can also be said that, the researcher should conduct the study through the mixed research method (primary and secondary). Moreover, the researcher should also design research questions, research problems and research objectives separately in order to reach valid outcomes (Srivastava, Mock, and Turner, 2009). On the other hand, the researcher should also identify the gaps in the research. Finally, the researcher must also adopt statistical and mathematical models to test the study. Overall, the researcher should adopt the suggested methodologies in order to avoid above identified weaknesses. Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it can be concluded that, this research study provides detailed summary of the article that improve understanding about the issues of financial accounting and their impact on firms performance. At the same time, it is also concluded that, there are several strengths and weaknesses of the research article that would provide description about the major objective of the study. Moreover, the implication of the article with regards to the Accounting Profession is also analyzed to fulfill the aims of the study. Finally, it can be concluded that, the selected research article is related to the unit such as: Financial Accounting Theory. Finally, this research study provides recommendations to overcome the issues related to financial accounting. References Dahawy, K., Shehata, N.F. and Ransopher, T. (2010). The state of accounting in Egypt: a case, Journal of Business Cases and Applications, 1(3), pp.112. Hogan, C.E., Rezaee, Z., Riley, R. and Velury, U.K. (2008). Financial statement fraud: insights from the academic literature, Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 27( 2), pp.231252. Johnson, G.G. and Rudesill, C.L. (2001). An investigation into fraud prevention and detection of small businesses in the United States: responsibilities of auditors, managers, and business owners, Accounting Forum, 25(1), pp. 14-75. Kassem, R. (2014). Detecting asset misappropriation: a framework for external auditors. International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation (IJAAPE), 10(1), pp. 1-42. Kassem, R. and Higson, A.W. (2012). Financial reporting fraud: are external auditors and standards setters doing enough?, International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(19), pp.283290. Pedneault, S.A. (2004). Yes, auditors can stop fraud, if they know what to look for, White Collar Crime Fighter, 6(8), pp.13. Shelton, S.W., Whittington, O.R. and Landsittel, D. (2001). Auditing firms fraud risk assessment practices. Accounting Horizons, 15(1), pp.1933. Srivastava, R.P., Mock, T.J. and Turner, J.L. (2009). Bayesian fraud risk formula for financial statement audits, Abacus. A Journal of Accounting, Finance, and Business Studies, 45(1), pp. 6680. Wells, J.T. (2005). Principles of Fraud Examination. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Wells, J.T. (2004). Occupational Fraud and Abuse. Australia: Obsidian Publishing.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Triangular Theory of Love Essay Example

Triangular Theory of Love Essay Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID, USA Stembergs Triangular Theory of Love was examined to identify the structure of the psyche implied in that theory, Stembergs theory posits three components of human functioning to explain the phenomenon of love in close relationships: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Analysis of these three components indicates that they align with a neoclassical model of the human psyche, A neoclassical psyche consists of at least three fundamental, irreducible capacities: cognition, affect, and conation, Stembergs commitment component relies on the capacity for cognition (and conation), the passion component is derived from conation (and affect), and the intimacy component is derived from emotional investment or the capacity for affect (and cognition). Therefore, Stembergs overall Triangular Theory of Love ontologically presupposes a neoclassical structure to the psyche. The purpose of this paper is to describe the structure of the human psyche that is implied in Stembergs Triangular Theory of Love, with its three nodes of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Therefore the authors of this paper aimed to answer the question, What must be the structure of the psyche in order for love to consist of intimacy, passion and commitment? The central hypothesis in this paper is that the structure of the psyche, implied in Stembergs work, is a neoclassical psyche, a psyche that consists of at least these three fundamental, irreducible, capacities: a) cognition, b) affect, and c) conation (Hilgard, 1980; LeDoux, 2002; Tallon, 1997). Rhett Diessner, Professor of Psychology and Education, Nellie Frost and Titus Smith, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID, USA, Appreciation is due to eviewers including: Robert Lemieux, PhD, McDaniel College, Com munication Department, 2 College Hill, Westminster, MD, USA 21157, Email: ; Ge Gao, PhD, Department of Communication Studies, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA, Email: Keywords: Stemberg, psyche, love, cognition, conation. Please address correspondence and reprint requests to: Rhett Diessner, Professor of Psychology and Education, 500 8th Ave,, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID 83501-2698, USA. Phone: 208 792 2338; Fax: 208 792 2820; Email: 683 684 PSYCHE IN STERNBERGS THEORY OF LOVE We will write a custom essay sample on Triangular Theory of Love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Triangular Theory of Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Triangular Theory of Love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A SUMMARY OF STERNBERGS TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE The triangular theory of love is so called because it holds that love can be understood in terms of three components that together can be viewed as forming the vertices of a triangle: intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment (Stemberg, 1986). Stemberg grounds this theory historically and rationally (1988, 1998; Beall Stemberg, 1995) as well as psychometrically and empirically (Acker Davis, 1992; Chojnacki Walsh, 1990; Lemieux Hale, 1999; Stemberg, 1997; Stemberg Grajek, 1984; Whitley, 1993). According to Stemberg (1986, 1988, 1997) the intimacy component refers to a sense of bonding and close, connected feelings in loving relationships. Thus this component focuses on the emotions that comprise the experience of warmth in a loving relationship. Stemberg and Grajeks (1984) cluster analysis of various love scales indicated that intimacy included such factors as desire to promote the beloveds welfare, sharing with the beloved, mutual understanding, high regard and intimate communication. In general, the intimacy component might be viewed as largely, but not exclusively, deriving from emotional investment in the relationship (Stemberg, 1986, p. 119). The triangular theorys passion component refers to the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation, and the like in a loving relationship (Stemberg, 1988, p. 118). Stemberg focuses on sexual desire as central to this component, but he also acknowledges that a variety of needs, ranging from self-actualiza tion to self-esteem to dominance/submission are likely to influence passion. In particular, Stemberg considers that the passion component is largely but not exclusively derived from motivational involvement in the relationship (1986, p. 19). The decision/commitment component is structured temporally and consists of two facets, one in the present and one in the future (Stemberg, 1986,1988,1997). In present time (the short term) the issue is the decision to love someone or not. In regard to future time (the long term) the issue is to maintain commitment to the beloved. Stemberg (1986), at least in his early work on this theory, considered that the decision/commitment component was cognitive in nature, stating that this component thus includes within its purview the cognitive elements that are involved (p. 19) in making a decision to be in, and to stay in, a loving relationship. Based on these three components of love, eight possible types of love come into focus, creating a classifi cation system for the various kinds of love relationships (Stemberg, 1986,1988). A liking type of love is intimacy without passion or commitment; infatuation is passion without intimacy or commitment; empty love is commitment without passion or intimacy; romantic love is a combination of intimacy and passion sans commitment; companionate love results from intimacy combined with commitment but PSYCHE IN STERNBERGS THEORY OF LOVE 685 ithout passion; fatuous (stupid) love is the combination of passion and commitment but lacking intimacy; consummate love comes from all three components being active in the relationship; and nonlove is when all three components are absent. A NEOCLASSICAL PSYCHE The psyche that underlies Sternbergs model is aptly referred to as a neoclassical psyche, as it is reminiscent of the psyche as described by Socrates in Platos The Republic (380BCE/1937), Book IV. Socrates explained that the psyche consists of three parts: the logical-rational (logiston), the spiri ted or affective (thymia), and the desiring (epithymia). This description of the psyche is also neoclassical in relation to the psychology of the medieval period, among both Christian and Islamic scholars. Thomas Aquinas, the Scholastics (Tallon, 1997), ibn Sinl (Avicenna), and ibn Arabi (Leahey, 2000), all wrote extensively on the capacities of the psyche or mind to know (cognition), to love (and other emotions) and to will (conation). Those medieval Christian and Islamic scholars, however, did not specifically consider the structure of the psyche to be based on the three capacities of cognition, affect and conation; yet, Immanuel Kant often considered the greatest modem philosopher did. He wrote in his Critique of Judgment, There are three absolutely irreducible faculties of the mind, namely, knowledge, feeling, and desire (cited in Hilgard, 1980, p. 109). And despite behaviorisms reign throughout much of the 20th century in which the concept of the psyche, and particularly the will were banished and despite the current emphasis in the discipline of psychology upon cognition, many psychologists have continued to frame the structure of the psyche in terms of these three capacities. Particularly in social psychological research, regarding the concept of attitude, psychologists posit this triadic psyche (Fishbein Ajzen, 1975; Kothandapani, 1971; Ostrom, 1969), as well as in general reviews of the history of psychology and studies of the mind (Hilgard, 1980; Insko Schopler, 1967; Plooij, 2003), or in educational psychology (Diessner, 2001; Snow, Como Jackson, 1996). Likewise, in the study of religion/spirituality and psychology this triadic psyche surfaces, ranging from studies by Christian psychologists (Kristensen, Pedersen, Williams, 2001; Pedersen, WiUiams, Kristensen, 2000; Tallon, 1997) to that of Bahdi psychologists (Danesh, 1997; MustakovaPossardt, 2003). Even in the explicitly hard science of biological psychology, the neoclassical psyche is posited. LeDoux (2002), in his Synaptic self, states that Traditionally . . . the mind has been viewed as a trilogy, consisting of cognition, affect (emotion), and conation (motivation) (p. 4; NB, LeDoux is emphasizing the willful and volitional aspect of motivation). Thus, a neoclassical psyche has its roots in the works of Plato; the elements of it are discussed throughout the writings of medieval Christian and Islamic psy- 686 PSYCHE IN STERNBERGS THEORY OF LOVE chologically oriented philosophers; it is affirmed by Immanuel Kants enlightenment philosophy; and continues to be a force in contempo rary psychology. THE NEOCLASSICAL PSYCHE IMPLICIT IN STERNBERGS MODEL As mentioned above, a neoclassical psyche is an integration of the three quasidiscrete fundamental psychological capacities of cognition (knowing), affect (emoting) and conation (volition, will). In the next three subsections we briefly explicate the hypotheses that Stembergs description of intimacy is primarily undergirded by the capacity to emote; that his defmition of passion is primarily a motivational experience and thus based on the conative ability; and that decision/commitment, in Stembergs model, is at least partially derived from the capacity for cognition. Of course, the three fundamental human capacities of cognition, affect and conation are only quasi-discrete. That is, they are qualitatively different capacities, but nonetheless in human phenomenology they are always in interaction with each other, and it seems unlikely that any human experience is one of pure cognition with no affect, or that we have a pure conative experience with no immediate influence from affect or cognition (Danesh, 1997; LeDoux, 2002; Mustakova-Possardt, 2003; Tallon, 1997). For example, Bandura (1986) captures this discrete-but-interactive notion with his concept of reciprocal determinism. And just as Socrates model of the psyche implies logiston, thymia and epithymia as inherently interactive (Plato, 1937), and Freuds model of the psyche is explicit about ego, id, and superego being dynamically interactive, Stemberg also emphasizes that the important thing to remember is that the triangles are not independent but interactive (1988, p. 136; cf. Acker Davis , 1992; Lemieux Hale, 2000). Intimacy and Affect Stembergs defmition of intimacy emphasizes feelings, the . . . close, connected, and bonded feelings in loving relationships (1986, p. 120). Clearly, this component of love relies on the psyches capacity for affect. In terms of interaction, intimacy also is dependent on the interaction of the psyches capacities for cognition and affect, in at least two ways. Firstly, the emotional sharing and mutual understanding that characterizes intimacy requires cognition of the beloveds emotions, and understanding of the other is also dependent on cognition of the beloveds thoughts and behaviors. That is, the understanding of the other that intimacy requires, is dependent on interpersonal cognition, or what Gardner (1999) would call interpersonal intelligence. Secondly, cognition is intimately bound to affect in the sense that cognitions tend to precede emotions, and some psychologists of emotion actually consider cognition as partially constitutive of emotion itself (Amold, 1960; Lazarus, 1991). PSYCHE IN STERNBERGS THEORY OF LOVE 687 Passion and Conation To the degree that human conation, or the human will, is defined as desire (cf . Platos epithymia, 1937) and as motivation (Lazarus, 1991; LeDoux, 2002; Snow Jackson, 1994) then Stembergs passion component is an expression of the psyches fundamental capacity for conation. Stemberg has emphasized that the passion component is derived largely, but not exclusively, from motivational processes (1986, p. 119; and see also 1997), and psychologists tend either to identify conation with motivation, or at least to consider motivation as one aspect of conation (Lazarus; LeDoux; Snow Jackson). Of course passion is passionately integrated with affect and cognition. The everyday woman or man-on-the-street associates passion with affect, with very strong feelings. We tend to think of a passion as happening to us and being reflected in our affective state (see Averill, 1980). And there appears to be no passion without an object of passion; and cognition is necessary for us to behold that object of passion in our consciousness. Decision/Commitment and Cognition (and Conation) In Stembergs early work (1986) on his triangular love theory he associated cognition with decision/commitment in love: The decision/commitment component is derived largely, although not exclusively, from cognitive decision in and commitment to the relationship (p. 119). In his later work (e. g. 1997) on the theory, he does not explicitly mention cognition in regard to this component, nor affect nor conation. Granted, cognitions are likely to precede decisions and commitment, and are intimately and inextricably bound to them, just as many cognitive psychologists consider that cognitions either precede emotional experience, or are partially constitutive of emotional experience. However, decisions and commitments seem more likely to be derived from the psyches capacity for conation. That is, decisions and commitments are choices, they are acts of the will, they are volitional. This position is strongly supported by humanistic psychology (Maslow, 1954; Rogers, 1961), that is, self-actualization primarily occurs through acts of the will, through decisions and commitments that are acts of conation. This view that our choices, decisions and commitments are acts of the will is also emphasized in the emerging positive psychology (Seligman, 2002, see pp. 135-6). Therefore, it seems that the decision/commitment component of Stembergs theory is primarily an expression of the psyches capacity for conation, although integrated with and influenced by human cognition. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION We conclude that the central hypothesis in this paper, that the structure of the psyche implied in Stembergs work is a neoclassical psyche, has been plausibly 688 PSYCHE IN STERNBERGS THEORY OF LOVE supported in the above analysis. We have demonstrated that the three components of the triangular theory of love are indeed substantially constituted by the capacities of cognition, affect, and conation; and we reviewed the work of psychologists and philosophers who advocate that the human mind or psyche is constituted by those three capacities. Seeking Disconfirmation What would disconfirm the findings of this analysis? Our hypothesis would be partially disconfiimed if it were shown that intimacy or passion or decision/commitment, as described by Stemberg, were expressions of the human psyche that cannot be accounted for by cognition, affect and/or conation. This is an open question, and we invite criticism in this regard. The methodology of our analysis would be called into question if we misinterpreted the views of Socrates, Hilgard (1980), LeDoux (2002), and others that the psyche is constituted by the three fundamental capacities of cognition, affect, and conation. The meaningfulness of our hypothesis, in regard to the notion of a neoclassical psyche would be in question if there were other capacities of the human psyche that are fundamental to cognition or affect or conation, or if there were other fundamental capacities that are parallel to cognition, affect and conation. We invite discussion in this regard. 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