Simultaneous Equilibria in the Benzoic Acid

Simultaneous Equilibria in the Benzoic Acid Jekathjenani Ratnakumaran Simultaneous Equilibria in the Benzoic Acid Toulene -Water System Introduction: Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid with molecular formula, C7H6O2. It appeared as colorless crystalline solid and has a fade, pleasant odor. Benzoic acid is easily available in nature and are used as a precursor to plasticizers, and sodium benzoate. Also, it inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as yeast, mold and bacteria. It also, used as an ointment to treat the fungal diseases such as ringworm and athletes foot. This benzoic acid can be prepared from the bromobenzene, benzyl alcohol and benzyl chloride. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the distribution coefficient (ÃŽ ±) and dimerization constant of the benzoic acid in equilibrium of toluene and water. The distribution coefficient can be determined by using the distributive law which is given by the Nernst in 1891. This law states that distribution of the solute either solid or liquid between two non miscible solvents1. When the solute distributes in the two non miscible solvent at constant temperature, the solute remains in both solvent at the same molecular conditions and then, the concentration of solute in those two non miscible solvents will be equal to the distribution constant, K. In this experiment, the two non miscible solvents are water and toluene. There are three equilibrium states occur in the system used in this experiment such as distribution equilibrium, aqueous phase equilibrium and toluene phase equilibrium. These three equilibria contain benzoic acid (HBz), water (W) and Toluene (T). The distribution occurs as monomer in water and hence, there is monmer-dimer equilibrium occurs in the water and toluene phase2. From the distribution equilibrium, the distribution coefficient, ÃŽ ± can be calculated by, HBz (w)HBz (T) From the aqueous equilibrium phase, the aqueous dissociation constant, Ka is calculated as follows, HBz (w)H+ + Bz From the toluene equilibrium phase, the aqueous dimerization constant, K2 is calculated as follows, 2HBz (T)(HBz)2 The total concentration of benzoic acid in Toluene (CT) and total concentration of benzoic acid in water (Cw) can determine using the formula 1 and 3, they are as follows, Cw= [HBz]w + [H+] CT= [HBz]T + 2[(HBz)2] By plotting the graph using above formula, the total concentrations present in both water and toluene can be determined. Methods: This experiment was conducted by following the procedure given in the laboratory manual by the department of chemistry, Trent University. Related questions Answers: The structure of a dimer of benzoic acid is shown below, O H- O C C O- H O As benzoic acid has phenyl group and it is non polar but water is a polar solvent. Therefore, the carboxyl group in benzoic acid will be harder to form hydrogen bonding with water and decrease the interactions between the benzoic acid molecules. Hence it does not form a dimer with water. In the case of hexane, the hexane is non polar solvent and therefore, the benzoic acid forms dimer with hexane. In the case of methanol, as it has hydrogen bonding, it is considered as polar solvent. When it reacts with benzoic acid, it does not form a dimer of benzoic acid. Furthermore, in the case of propanone, benzoic acid does not form dimer because propanone is a polar solvent. As the titrant solution is base solution, the indicator required to give end point is phenolphthalein. The indicator used in the titration is based on the pH values of the solutions used. In this case, as solution contains benzoic acid and its titrated against NaOH, therefore, the to bring the end point, the phenolphthalein which has pH approximately 9 is used. If the titrant is base solution, then the methyl orange, which has pH 3.5 is used to identify the end point. Results: Table 1 represents the volume of the benzoic acid, toluene and water added in the five solutions in different fractions of the volumes. Solutions Volume of benzoic acid in toluene Solution (ml) Volume of water added (ml) Volume of toluene required to bring total volume to 100 ml (ml) 1 50 50 0 2 40 50 10 3 25 50 25 4 15 50 35 5 5 50 45 Mass of the benzoic acid used = 5.000 g Volume of the NaOH used= 10 ml Calculated concentration of the NaOH = 0.018 M Table 2 represents the titrated volume of the solutions against NaOH and HCl and calculated concentrations of benzoic acid in the Toluene and Water. Solution Number VNaOH (w) (ml) VNaOH(T) (mL) VHCl (T) (mL) CW x 10-3 (M) CT x 10-2 (M) ÃŽ ² Cw (1-ÃŽ ²) CT/Cw (1-ÃŽ ²) 1 5.8 35.7 0.3 4.35 2.70 0.1141 0.00385 7.0130 2 5.4 28.9 0.4 4.05 2.20 0.1181 0.00357 6.1625 3 4.9 16.4 0.8 3.67 1.30 0.1236 0.00322 5.3450 4 3.0 10.7 1.6 2.25 0.92 0.1545 0.00190 4.8421 5 2.2 5.7 5.0 1.65 0.80 0.1773 0.00136 5.8823 Figure 1 represents the plot of Cw (1-ÃŽ ²) versus CT/Cw (1-ÃŽ ²). Data Analysis Calculations: Volume of HBz in water, V1= 0.02 L Volume of NaOH, V2= 0.0058 L Concentration of NaOH, C2= 0.015 M Concentration of HBz, Cw= (0.0058 x 0.015) / 0.02 M = 4.35 x 10-3 M Volume of HBz in water, V1= 0.02 L Volume of NaOH + HCl, V2= 0.036 L Concentration of NaOH, C2= 0.015 M Concentration of HBz, CT= (0.036 x 0.015) / 0.02 M = 2.70 x 10-2 M By using the below formula, the value of ÃŽ ² was calculated, The value of Ka for benzoic acid is 6.46 x 10-5 0.00435 ÃŽ ²2 + 6.46 x 10-5 ÃŽ ² 6.46 x 10-5 Using the quadratic formula, the value of ÃŽ ² is, ÃŽ ² = 0.1141 Calculation of Cw (1-ÃŽ ²) for solution 1, Cw (1-ÃŽ ²)= 0.00435 (1- 0.1141) = 0.00385 Calculation of CT/Cw (1-ÃŽ ²) for solution 1, CT/Cw (1-ÃŽ ²)= (0.0270) / (0.00385) = 7.013 From the figure 1, the value of K2 and ÃŽ ± are as follows, Y = -0.1344 x + 5.8939 ÃŽ ± (intercept) = 0.1344 2ÃŽ ±2K2= 5.8939 K2= (5.8939 ) / (0.03613) = 163.13 M Discussion: The experiment was conducted with careful consideration to get the result as close as to the real value. However, due to the some experimental error involved in this experiment, the calculated values are not close to the literature value. The calculated K2 value is 163.13 L/mol and the alpha value is 0.1344. The literature values are 260 L/mol and 1.49 respectively. Figure 1 represents the plot of Cw (1-ÃŽ ²) versus CT/Cw (1-ÃŽ ²). Based on the graph shown on figure 1, the peak is falling and then raising. When the amount of benzoic acid decreases, the amount of concentration of toluene increases. On the contrary, the value of concentration of benzoic acid (HBz) in water is higher than the concentration of HBz in toluene. In comparison with the literature value, the calculated value has deviated from it. However, the calculated percentage error is 37 %. This is considered as large difference when compared to literature values. These differences between the calculated and literature v alue occurred due to the experimental error. Equipments used in this experiment were used by the previous batch. As the experiment was conducted using the pre used equipments, there might be an error in the contamination. The solution that has made in this experiment has to be mixed well. This will provide a more accurate result. Failure to do this step might have resulted in the failure of result. Also, the burette reading and end point notification are considered one of the errors which lead to inaccurate result. Due to these occurrences, the experiment does not turn successful and have heavily affected the final results. Moreover, the adjustment made in the water bath and less time of keeping the solution in the water bath also might be lead to the error in the final result. Because temperature is ne of the factor affects the dissociation of particles. Furthermore, due to the weather condition (winter), temperature and pressure changes and might not favored to conduct the experim ent. Conclusion: In conclusion, the simultaneous equilibria of benzoic acid presence in the water and toluene solvent was studied by conducting this experiment. In order to get accuracy of result, the precision can be improved by more attention on the experimental procedure and handling the equipments. Also, accurate result can be made by observing the measurements such as notifying the burette reading and end point in a proper manner. References Chemistry Made Simple about Nernst Distribution Lawn; Metallurgy, (2009) Ellison H.R. Simultaneous equilibria in the benzoic acid-benzene-water system, A distribution experiment; 48 (2): 124 (1971). DOI: 10.1021/ed048p124P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Atkins’ Physical Chemistry, 8th ed., W. H.Freeman and Co., New York (2006). Department of Chemistry, Laboratory Manual, Experiment G1- Heat Capacity Ratio for Gases, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario(2014)

Produce Business Information for Management

Produce Business Information for Management LSG Sky chef have more than 300 airlines in whole world and it includes 214 airports which regulate 200 customer services centers in the 51 nations and they produce and prepare the food around to 591 million in a year. LSG Sky Chefs officially newly open in Auckland, New Zealand. The customer service center was built based on a long-term agreement with Air New Zealand. This building located on 2,500 square-meter production area where near to 500 employees produce 17000 meals and some 7000 fresh-food products each day for international airline customers like Air New Zealand, Emirates, Korean Air, LAN Airlines, Qantas, Singapore, Air Calin and Virgin Australia, Qatar Airlines, Emirates and China Southern Airlines as well as for local retailers. I am the Administrator Manager in LSG Sky Chef Auckland. Purpose of Information: Information is very important for an organisation to perform their smooth functions and working. It depends and relates with different level of the firm and it helps through providing the data to the employees who are working on different levels of organisation so that decisions can be made to ensure that the business remains competitive and successful. Information has been created to support the whole range of administration of organisation. It can be seen in all parts of the world an all types of industries both public and private sector.   It helps the organisation for take good decisions which helps for data storage and proper management. Scope: The scope of the business information is very wide. Form: The forms of information in the organization are written below:- 1.Oral 2.Written Oral: LSG Sky Chef is a big industry who prepares the food for airlines. It Has many source for information. Oral is one of the forms of the Information, in which information shared with verbally with other staff and departments. Written:- By writing we can shared the information with other departments of LSG Sky Chef. Written communication is other form of business communication. It is important for LSG Sky Chef and managers create written communication skills for touch with other employees and visitors. Structure: Structure can be divided into below categories:- Financial, Graphical, Hand Written, Filling the Forms, and Word Information. Financial: Structure of information of LSG Sky Chef creates in the shape of money as well. Many documents related with the finance given the information of the funds, Budget, Turn Over of the LSG Sky. Graphical:- Graphical information also gives many information related with LSG Sky Chefs Profit and Loss year by year. Hand Written:- Hand Written also the other way for gives the information to other employees and departments of LSG Sky Chef, in which they shared information with hand written notes. Filing the Forms:- Internal Forms, Enquiry forms gives many information about the LSG Sky Chefs Structure. All departments have different forms of source of information which are connected with their work. Word Information:- LSG Sky Chef provide many information about their working on the Internet and Online. Website of the LSG Sky Chef also gives much information about their working of departments. It may be relates with internal and external information. Presentation:All the business information is present and shows to other people in the organization by arranging the meetings and it is perform through the Internet, E-mails and Templates and Notices etc. Meeting: Head of departments and   Manager hold the meeting for discussing the issues of the LSG Sky Chef, in which they get the information related with work and solve the issues face to face. Internet: Internet provides many information about the LSG Sky Chef. On internet we can also see the other branches of the LSG Sky Chef in the other countries. Notices:- Notices on the Walls and Notice boards also provides the information about the present situation and new notifications of the LSG Sky Chef to the employees of the related departments. E-Mails:- Through e-mails LSG Sky Chefs employers and employees remain in the touch of the new regulation and new changes in the information of the Departments. Resource of Information:- We can get the information from many resources and measures which includes Internet, Personal meeting   and media. Internet: Internet provides many information about the LSG Sky Chef. On internet we can also see the other branches of the LSG Sky Chef in the other countries. Personal Meeting: Head of departments and   Manager hold the meeting for discussing the issues of the LSG Sky Chef, in which they get the information related with work and solve the issues face to face. SECURITY, INTEGRITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY: Integrity: Data of Information cannot be changed before the approval of the higher authority or Administrator of the Organisation because it always being a matter of respect and integrity of the organisation. It always checked and assessed by only an authorized person or member of upper authority of organisation with approval of the organisation. Confidential: All the information always remains confidential. Information always based on external and internal. The internal information should not be disclosed to anyone. LSG internal information always be confidential, they cannot share with other persons. Internal Information includes Finance, Future plans. Security: There is always security for the Information; it should not be share with any one. The term information security is always protected by harsh measures which always frequently checked and changed on time to time. There is confidential information which cannot be shared with anyone except higher management of the company. Different and most effective software are used to protect the information of the organization. All staff of the LSG Sky Chef always kept their stuff with proper care and security. All rooms are secure with proper access cards. No other visitors can enter in LSG Sky Chef Building without proper ID card or authority. AUTHORIZATION, CIRCULATION, FILING AND ARCHIVING: Authorization: Only authorized persons are allowed to keep the information and they have passwords for dealing with such kind of information.   Encryption is the most effective way to achieve data security. To read an encrypted file, you must have access to a secret key or password that enables you to unlock and open it. In LSG Sky Chef all security lockers and doors and computer access always be opened in emergency in the presence of the Head of Departments of the LSG Sky Chef. Only during their presence gives the authorization to open the lockers in the emergency. When information is saved in computer, and then it should be protective with password. Then the folder where it is made must have a password and this password always remain with authorized person. Circulation: Circulation is the processing of information to all the staff members in the organization. Circulation of the information needs: Human Resource Material to circulate Documents Technology Computers, Emails, Etc. Filling: Filing the information is to store information for long time for company needs. An Organization needs to keep data for future reference and data is stored in Computer hard disk or server. Paper documents filed in the files and kept in the safe and secured room. One can also select online storage capacity to store information data online. Milestone: Milestone for information needs depends on nature of business information and its scope. We have to check the information on every interval. For a large organisation the information scope is unlimited and the company may have milestone on the large scale. Milestone can be checked by the nature of information, if the information is related with finance then the milestone for this information are 5-6 times in a month. Task 2 Internal Sources of Information The sources of information that which relates with internal matter of the LSG Sky chef is called Internal Information.   There are different types of internal information such as financial, personnel, marketing, purchasing, sales and administration. Internal information sources can be defined as follows: Financial Information: Money related information is identified with the execution and benefit and loss of the organization. This information will incorporate on the amount you pay to staff of the LSG SKY Chef, the expenses of rates and the charges that you pay as a business. Personnel Information: Personnel information is information held by the company on their employees. Every worker of the LSG Sky   expert   much learning about their territories. This information must be unreservedly accessible to the representative at whatever time that they ask for it. Faculty information can be utilized to screen to what extent a representative has worked for an organization and in the event that they are qualified for a pay increment because of this in view of the LSG Sky Chef strategy. Marketing Information: Marketing information is used by the market team to identify what products or services offered by the business are most successful. The marketing team can collect information from different departments such as sales to promote certain products or services based on current success rates Sales Information: . This information needs to be passed to the financial controllers of LSG Sky Chef to ensure that the cost of your good or service is less than the sale price Administration Information: Administration information links very much with personnel information but also involves communicating with external sources and storing information on customers to build successful relationships with them. Bottom of Form External Sources of Information External information sources are: Government, trade groupings, commercially provided information, database and research. Government: Information provided by the administration is certainly originating from a solid source as this is the administering body that they business works inside. LSG Sky gourmet experts additionally have the control of the legislature. Government gives all offices to the LSG Sky Chef. LSG Sky culinary expert need to utilize vital legitimate data from the Government to help maintain the business effectively and lawfully Trade Groupings: A trade grouping is a group of businesses that operate within the same sector and not within the same location. Many outside business are dealing with the LSG Sky Chef and they provide all food material. Databases Research: Companies can research information that might help them increase the sales and level of interest in their business.. LSG Sky Chef can make money creating this information by analyzing currently available sales stats in particular airlines. Task 3 Review of Sky Chef (Sky-Chefs-Inc./reviews?fcountry=NZfloc=Auckland%2C+Auckland) Approved Certificate NEEDS OF THE COMPANY Company needs some upgrade machines which help the company to finish the product in effective and efficient way. We have to increase the storage facility and for that we have to get some extra place. And secondly increase parking space. Also need more staff for working moreover, need furniture for sitting? POLICIES   Ã‚   All information is recorded and authorized by depot manager and also under the company policy. Every document is kept and backup file is ready. Whenever repair action is needed it must be done as soon as possible because it can damage the quality of product. And most important policy is the privacy policy. All the members have to contact daily and give feedback to everyone. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Our Business is growing very well. Because, suppliers and buyers feedback is good, no complaint of in a service and product. The future of the Companys safe from financial point of view. Recommendation to this company is just to improve the marketing and communication strategy as more advertisement should be done, comes out with more offers. We are making more name and fame in a market.

The Hypocrisy of Humanity Depicted in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbir

Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, has many stories from Scouts’ little town in Alabama that teaches the reader the good and bad sides of the human being. When all these come together, the result is this fantastic novel. One of the stories that stand out is the one when Mrs. Gates and Cecil Jacobs have a conversation in the classroom. They talk about Adolph Hitler and the malicious things he did to the Jewish people. Mrs. Gates tries to tell her students that what he did was wrong in a very firm tone of voice. At this point in the story, the reader feels anger for everything the Nazis did. However, the main point of this passage is to make the reader realize how two-faced Mrs. Gates is. In this novel, Harper Lee implies that humanity should be less hypocritical. When Cecil Jacobs makes his presentation about Adolph Hitler, Mrs. Gates comments about it. She teaches the children in her classroom that what this man did was very wrong since he killed many Jews just because he did not like them. Nevertheless, the reader finds this very paradoxical for the reason that she does not have respect for black-colored-people. Mrs. Gates does not seem to understand the bad example that she is providing to the children she is teaching to. Her hypocrisy does not help to fulfill her role as teacher: to teach and provide the skills and principles children will have to use later in life. The author of this novel has given the reader this story to symbolize the hypocrisy that one finds in today’s society, to show that sometimes and most of the time, the human beings talk a lot but do not look at their own actions or execute what they are teaching. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird shows so many characteristics of today’s society. Among thes... ...ould be more honest and less hypocritical. An individual who is a great example of this is Al Gore, the Oscar-Winner for his documentary â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†. He tells audiences the way they should live and how they should manage their life-styles to help save the environment mean while he is riding in style and waists twelve times more electric energy compared to an average family in a year. Harper Lee has used the narrative point of view, characterization and irony to develop a more dramatic effect of hypocrisy between Mrs. Gates and black-colored-people. It is very unfortunate that there are people like Mrs. Gates and Mr. Al Gore in today’s world. For this reason, every individual should strive to be better as a person to make their community a better place to live in and to provide an appropriate example to those who will live in it in the next generations.

Ruined Maid and To His Coy Mistress Essay -- Love Relationships Thomas

Ruined Maid and To His Coy Mistress Both the â€Å"Ruined Maid† and â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† provide us with disturbing images / pictures of love, sex and relationships as I am about to explain. The â€Å"Ruined Maid† was written by Thomas Hardy in 1866, during the time when women didn’t have sex before marriage and they were thrown out of their village for being â€Å"ruined†. The public at that point in history had a very strict view of sex and marriage. They thought that women in particular should never have sex before marriage and they should have everything taken off them for being â€Å"ruined†. They were looked upon as a disgrace to society. The â€Å"Ruined Maid† provides us with disturbing images and pictures of love and relationships because the poem is about a woman who has become â€Å"ruined† which means that she’s had sex before marriage. She’s turned the meaning of this into a good thing while most people thought that it was a bad thing because it meant that the woman had no self-respect and that they were looked upon as prostitutes in a sense. The poem starts with Melia and a...

New Deal :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franklin Roosevelt’s â€Å"optimism and activism that helped restore the badly shaken confidence of the nation† (pg. 467 Out of Many), was addressed in the New Deal, developed to bring about reform to the American standard of living and its low economy. It did not only make an impact during the Great Depression. Although, many of the problems addressed in the New Deal might have been solved, those with the long lasting effect provide enough evidence to illustrate how great a success the role of the New Deal played out in America’s history to make it what it is today. Although, the growth of business was booming and consumption was extremely high during the 1920’s employers failed to equally distribute the benefits to its industrial workers who got the short end of the stick and did not see any profit from productivity. Since there was no law at the time established on how many hours a person was to work and get paid, employers would overwork and underpay the laborers. This became a major problem because it brought about high unemployment rates, which for laborers, the shortage of jobs meant strong competition among each other for finding and keeping a job, and low wages, which brought down consumption. Several of the policies created to specifically help the jobless during that time were, Emergency Relief Appropriations Act (1935) run by the Public Works Administration (PWA), designed for the construction of public building, roads, dams and other projects. Federal Project No. 1, also run by PWA, gave jobs to writers, musicians, and artist. â€Å"The idea was to provide jobs and thus, stimulate the economy through increased consumer spending†. (pg 469 Out of Many)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most benefited policies created through the New Deal for employment, one, the Social Security Act (1935), provides â€Å"old-aged pensions and unemployment insurance. A payroll tax on workers and their employers were created a fund from which retirees received monthly pensions after age sixty-five.† (pg 470 Out of Many) Second, National Labor Relations Act (1935), also known as the Wagner Act, gave Americans the right to form a union and bargain with their employers for better pay and working conditions. Third, and the most important one of all Fair Labor Standard Act (1938), it established a minimum wage and maximum hours for an employee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roosevelt’s first order of business as President was to put a halt on the banking system. Congress passed the Emergency Bank Act, which gave him leeway to all banking transactions and foreign exchange.

Balanced Diet for an Adult Essay

Food is an integral part of human life providing energy for cellular activities to keep us healthy. According to World Health Organization (2013), healthy nutrition is ingesting an adequate and well balanced diet in relation to the body’s dietary needs and when combined with regular physical activities is the cornerstone to good health. A diet containing the right portions of all the five food groups of the Eatwell Plate (figure1 and appendix1 for recommended servings) known as a balanced diet will provide the organic macronutrients including proteins, carbohydrates and lipids and the micronutrients, vitamins and minerals to sustain life. Only ingested carbohydrates, proteins and lipids will count towards total caloric intake and will be digested into monomers like glucose for absorption and assimilation. National Health Service (2012) recommends daily caloric intake of 2500Kcal and 2000Kcal which will be derived from the proteins, lipids and carbohydrate sources in a diet for average adult males and females respectively. Age, sex, health condition and physical activities influence dietary needs. This essay will discuss a balanced diet for an adult including the structure, sources, functions, recommended daily allowance (RDAs), deficiency and excessive effects of the macronutrients. Also the micronutrients and water which are not considered as nutrients will be discussed. THE FOOD PYRAMID [pic]Figure1 (NHS 2011) Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. British Nutrition Foundation (2013), recommends that 47.7% (203g) and 48.5% (275g) of daily energy should come from carbohydrates for females and males respectively with 29g being roughages. Carbohydrates exist naturally or refined as monosaccharides that are reducing sugars. Monosaccharides build the complex carbohydrates, disaccharides and polysaccharides through dehydration synthesis. Monosaccharides have general formula (CH2O)n where ‘n’ determines whether pentose(5Carbons) or hexose (6Carbons). Glucose found in maple syrup, fructose in corn syrup and galactose in honey are hexose-isomers; having the same formula, C6H12O6 but different structures. The disaccharides with the general formula C12H22O11 are sucrose made from fructose and glucose, maltose from two glucose molecules and lactose from galactose and glucose. Sucrose is derived from beet sugar, lactose from milk and maltose from vinegar. The polysaccharides with general formula (C6H10O5)n where 40≠¤n≠¤3000, exist as starch or non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) which can be soluble or insoluble. Starch consists of glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds. The NSPs include oligosaccharide (raffinose) and cellulose (dietary fibre). Potatoes, yams and cassava are rich in starch and are very digestible. Whole grain cereals, legumes (appendix2), fruits and storage vegetables like asparagus and cabbage are rich in the NSPs. Raffinose is an indigestible trisaccharide of fructose,glucose and galactose with formula C18H32O16. Animal sources of carbohydrates are liver and scallops. Carbohydrates provide sweetness and are the primary source of energy especially for brain and blood cells. Cellular respiration converts glucose monomers into ATP. Fats cannot be oxidised without glucose. Most NSPs are partially digestible or indigestible due to lack of ÃŽ ±-galactosidae (enzyme) in GI Tract. They reduce glycaemia index and plasma cholesterol levels, increase bile acid excretion, promote normal laxation and prevent breast cancer, gallstones, haemorrhoids, and irritable bowel syndrome (Kumar et all 2012). Furthermore, Kumar (2012) concluded that excessive carbohydrates will cause dental decay, kidney damage, stroke, diabetes due to obesity and short term conditions like hyperglycaemia. Carbohydrate deficiency will cause constipation, fatigue, weak immunity, muscle cramps and ketosis; this is very rare as 50g/day of carbohydrate is needed to prevent ketosis. THE DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS TO FORM MALTOSE [pic]Figure2 EQUATION: (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O) (Marshall University 2012) Proteins or polypeptides consist of three to 100000 or more long chains of the organic molecules called amino acids joined together by covalent peptide bonds. A protein of two amino acids is called a dipeptide. There are 20 common forms of amino acids either termed non-essential (synthesised by the liver) and essential that needs to be ingested. Proteins consist of a central carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, amino group (-NH2), Carboxylic group (-COOH) and the variable R group (figure3). The term amino acid is derived from the amino and carboxylic groups that all amino acids have in common. According Kuil (2012), principal sources of proteins are lean meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, cereals, legumes (refer to appendix3), cereals and processed food like low-fat milk. Proteins form about 45% of human body and perform the following seven essential functions: structural (hair, ligaments), contractile (muscles), transport (haemoglobin), metabolic regulation (enzymes), buffering, defence (antibodies) and coordination and control (hormones) (Martini 2006). Haemoglobin transports oxygen and a lack of protein (haemoglobin) can deny vital organs the needed oxygen for metabolism. Protein deficiency can also cause fatigue, anaemia, weak immunity, skin problems, impairment of cognition and mental health problems. Whereas excessive proteins can cause obesity, osteoporosis and kidney stones (Georgetown University 2012). About 15% of an adults’ caloric intake should come from protein equivalent to 56g and 46g for male and female respectively (Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention, 2012). DEHYDRATION OF AMINO ACIDS TO FORM DIPEPTIDE PROTEINS [pic]Figure3 (Marshall University 2012) Lipids are made up of an even number of carbon from 12 to 20, oxygen, hydrogen and sometimes traces of phosphorus, sulphur or nitrogen. Lipids are grouped into 4: steroids, phospholipids, waxes and glycerides. Most of the 70 identified lipids are synthesised by the body whereas linoleic (omega6) and alpha-linolenic (omega3) acids are two essential lipids to be ingested. They are mostly insoluble due to the long chain of hydrophobic carbon-carbon end bonded to a short hydrophilic carboxyl group. The double covalent bond, (C=C) determines whether saturated (no C=C) or monounsaturated (1 C=C) or polyunsaturated (2 or more C=C). Glycerides are made up of glycerol bonded to 1 or more fatty acids by dehydration synthesis, triglyceride with 3 fatty acids is the predominant of the lipids (refer figure4). Unsaturated sources of lipids are olive oil, peanut, salmon, halibut and avocados. Saturated sources are butter, sausage and hydrogenated oil. According to British Dietetic Association (2013), adults should consume not more than 20-30g of saturated-fat with 5g or less being trans-fat since saturated lipids are high in cholesterol. The structural lipids form cell membranes. Also fat cushions and protects organs including liver, heart, and kidney, energy source; twice as much as carbohydrates and proteins, thermoregulation (insulation), sex hormones, transport vitamins and monounsaturated fat can decrease cholesterol levels (USA Department of Agriculture, 2010). Excessive consumption of lipids will lead to obesity which is characterised by high BMI as shown in appendix 2, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, colorectal cancer and diabetes, whereas deficiency will result in the body lacking the vital vitamins A,D,E and K (Schenker, 2012). DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS TO FORM TRIGLYCERIDE [pic]Figure4 (Marshall University 2012) The micronutrients, vitamins and minerals are needed in minute quantities. Minerals can be classified as major or trace of which a few are essential including sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, iodine, etc. (refer to appendix4 for RDAs). According to Higdon and Drake (2011), sources of minerals are plants that derive them from the soil and move on the food chain to the herbivores like cattle that eat them. Spinach, legumes, whole grains, dairy products, red meat, soybeans, salmon, cod, iodised table salt (iodine, sodium, chlorine) and eggs are excellent sources of minerals. According to Whitley and Rolfes (2011), minerals perform the following functions: the electrolytes, sodium, potassium and chlorine transmit nerve impulses, control fluid balance (providing optimum pH for enzyme activities), control blood pressure and relax and contract muscles. Zinc, copper and selenium are antioxidants; they reduce the risk of heart diseases. Iron forms haemoglobin. Sodium and potassium coregulate ATP production. Calcium and phosphorus control blood clotting and together with magnesium build bones, teeth, maintain muscle and nerve cells. Iodine is needed for the production of thyroxin; deficiency will cause goitre. Since some minerals are coenzymes, deficiency will cause malfunctioning cellular activities (digestion, metabolism). Iron deficiency causes anaemia whereas calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (hypocalcaemia) deficiency will cause osteoporosis. Calcium, magnesium and the electrolytes deficiencies will cause weakness, muscle cramps and impaired alertness. Zinc deficiency causes diarrhoea, skin and prostate cancers. Their intake should be balanced with use and excretion as excess may cause Hyperkalaemia (potassium), kidney-stones (calcium) and hypernatremia (sodium). Vitamins are grouped into water soluble (WSV) including C and B complex vitamins; they cannot be stored and therefore, it is imperative to be part of a balanced diet, and fat soluble (FS) including vitamins K,E,D, and A; they can be stored (refer appendix 5 for RDA). Green leafy vegetables (lettuce), oranges, kiwi fruit, avocados, whole grains and cereals, banana, dairy products, liver, poultry, pork, oily fish, eggs, soybeans, chickpeas and nuts are excellent sources of the vitamins (Firth 2011). Vitamin K can be synthesised in the intestine which helps the blood clot whereas Vitamin D can be synthesised by the body using sunlight to help the absorption of calcium and phosphorus (Cranney et al (2010). Vitamins A and C build immunity. Vitamins B1,B2,B3, and biotin help release energy. Vitamin A, niacin and pantothenic acid aid the absorption and use of macronutrients monomers. Vitamin C makes collagen and enhances folate absorption. Vitamin deficiency generally causes weak immunity and osteoporosis (Vitamin D), scurvy (Vitamin C), beriberi (B1), anaemia (B12 and folate) and night blindness (Vitamin A). Excessive amounts of vitamins E and K are usually not harmful but excess A,D and the WSV which can be excreted cause kidney problems and hypercalcaemia (excess D). Excessive vitamin C causes diarrhoea (NHS 2012). In conclusion, spending excessively on supplements and creams as well as engaging in dangerous diets like the Atkins Diet are not necessary. The secret to healthy living is carefully selecting the right proportions of food from the Eatwell plate, drinking enough water in combination with regular exercises. Figure 5 and appendix 6 show functions of water. Consider the positives and negatives when selecting food products such as red meat; rich in protein but high in cholesterol whereas fatty fish enhances calcium absorption. Soybean, liver, green leafy vegetables, whole grains and legumes will provide almost all the nutrients; combine them in your diet in right proportions for optimal hormonal, metabolic, mental and physical functions of the body. It is important to consult a doctor before starting any diet as nutritional needs are affected by health and some medications affect absorption of nutrients. FUNCTIONS OF WATER IN THE BODY [pic]Figure 5 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2013 LIST OF APPENDIXES APPENDIX 1 |FOOD GROUP |SERVINGS PER DAY | |Carbohydrates including bread, pasta, rice, potatoes and other starchy foods |6-10 servings | |Fruits and vegetables |3-5 servings | |Meat, fish, eggs, beans and nuts |2-3 servings | |Milk and dairy foods |2-3 servings | |Food and drinks high in fat and/or in sugar |Use sparingly | University of Michigan Integrative Medicine, 2010 APPENDIX 2: OBESITY AND BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) |BMI |LEVEL OF OBESITY | |Below 18.5 |Underweight | |From 18.5-24.9 |Healthy Range | |From 25-30 |Pre Obese | |Above 30 |Obese | NHS, 2012 APPENDIX 3: FOOD GROUPS AND EXAMPLES |FOOD GROUP |EXAMPLES | |Legumes |Beans, Lentils, Peas, Chickpeas, French beans, Kidney , soybeans, Coco beans etc. | |Whole grains |Barley, Corn, Millet, Oats, Rice, Milo, Wheat | |Green leafy vegetables |Spinach, Broccoli, Lettuce, Cabbage, Mustard green, Kale examples | APPENDIX 4: MINERALS AND THEIR RDA |SYMBLE |SOURCES |RDA | |Na (Sodium) |Table Salt, Sea vegetables, spinach, milk |6g | |Ca (Calcium) |Salmon, Sardine, eggs, dairy products, nuts, oregano |700mg | |K (Potassium) |Spinach, legumes, tomatoes, banana, avocado, whole grains and |3500mg | | |yams | | |P (Phosphate) |Fish, poultry, oats, rice, red meat, |700mg | |Fe (Iron) |Eggs, spinach, shrimps, soybeans, lentils, tomatoes, olives, |M=8.7mg / F=4.8mg | | |tomatoes | | |Mg (Magnesium) |Spinach, soybean, sea vegetables, tomatoes, beans, brazil nuts|M=300mg / F=270mg | |I (Iodine) |Eggs, milk, fish, shellfish, yoghurt, strawberries, iodised |0.14mg | | |salt | | |Se (Selenium) |Cod, salmon, garlic, lamb, cheese, calf liver, barley, brazil |75mcg | | |nuts | | |Zn (Zinc) |Calf liver, spinach, eggs, oats, oyster, lean pork and beef, |M=5.5-9.5mg / F=4-7mg | | |asparagus | | USA Department of Agriculture / Department of Health, 2010 APPENDIX 5: VITAMINS AND THEIR RDA’S |VITAMIN |SOURCES |RDA | |Retinol (A) |Liver, fish oil, carotenoids, milk fortified |M=0.7mg / F=0.6mg | |Ascorbic acid (C) |Citrus (oranges), kiwi fruit, broccoli |40mg | |Thiamin (B1) |Liver, pork, whole grains and products |M=1mg / F=0.8mg | |Riboflavin (B2) |Liver, eggs, milk, rice, mushrooms |M=1.3mg / F=1.1mg | |Niacin (B3) |Poultry, fish, beef, peanut butter, legumes |M=17mg / F=13mg | |Pyridoxine (B6) |Liver, pork, legumes, fish, whole grains |M=1.4mg / F=1.2mg | |Cobalamin (B12) |Beef, poultry, cod, salmon, cheese, eggs |0.0015mg | |Vitamin E |Vegetable oil, green vegetables, nuts |12mg | |Folate |Broccoli, peas, asparagus, brown rice |0.2mg | |Pantothenic acid |Milk, fruits, veggies, meat, fish, grains |10mg | |Biotin |Cottage cheese, liver, eggs, peanut, grain |300mcg | |Vitamin K |Green vegetables, fruits, nuts |75mg | |Note that Vitamin K can be synthesised in the intestine whereas Vitamin D can be derived salmon, fortified cereals and juices, milk and | |sunlight (No RD A but 15minutes in the sun thrice a week is enough) | USA Department of Agriculture / Department of Health, 2010 APPENDIX 6: RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE FOR WATER |SEX |RDA FOR WATER | |MALE |3.7L with no upper limit increase with exercise to rehydrate | |FEMALE |2.7L with no upper limit increase with exercise to rehydrate and increase intake when | | |breast feeding. | INSTITUTE OF MEDICENE 2004 REFERENCE LIST ONLINE âž ¢ British Dietetic Association (2013) Food fact sheet: cholesterol [Online] Available from: http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/cholesterol.pdf [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ British Nutrition Foundation (2013) Confusion on fat and heart health [Online]. Available from: http://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritioninthenews/headlines/fats [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention (2012) Nutrition for everyone: Protein [Online] Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/everyone/basics/protein.html [Accessed on 19/12/2013]. âž ¢ Cranney et al, (2007) Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health [Online] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18088161?dopt=Abstract [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. (2004) Dietary reference intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride and Sulphate. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine. [Online]. Available from: www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Dietary-Reference-Intakes-Water-Potassium- [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board (2010) Dietary reference intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington DC: Institute of Medicine. [Online]. Available from: http://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Fil.pdf [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Marshall University (2012) [Online] Available from: http://science.marshall.edu/murraye/alpha_amylase.htm [Accessed on 18/02/2013]. âž ¢ Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research [no date] Nutrition and healthy eating: functions of water in the body. [Online] Available from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM00594 [Accessed on 19/02/2013]. âž ¢ National Health Service (2011) [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/eatwell-plate.aspx [Accessed on 17/02/2013]. âž ¢ National Health Service (2011) [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/3215.aspx?CategoryID=51 [Accessed on 17/02/2013]. âž ¢ National Health Service (2012) [Online] Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/1126.aspx?CategoryID=51&SubCategoryID=164 [Accessed on 17/02/2013]. âž ¢ United States of America. Department of Agriculture/Department of Health and Human Services (2010), Dietary guidelines for Americans, Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. [Online] Available from: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf [Accessed: 19/02/2013]. âž ¢ University of Michigan Integrative Medicine (2010) Healing foods pyramid [Online] Available from: http://www.med.umich.edu/umim/food-pyramid/fats.htm [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ World Health Organisation (2013) [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/nutrition/en/ [Accessed: 17/02/2013]. ONLINE JOURNALS âž ¢ Kumar et all (2012) Dietary roles of non-starch polysaccharides in human nutrition: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Volume 52(10). [Online] Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408398.2010.512671?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed. [Accessed on 23/02/2013]. âž ¢ Schenker S. (2012). UK recommendations for dietary fat: should they be reassessed in light of the recent FAO/WHO recommendations? Nutrition Bulletin, 37(1), pp. 37-46. [Online] Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2011.01946.x/full [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. BOOKS âž ¢ Firth L. (2011) Nutrition and diet. Issues 205, Cambridge: Independence Educational Press. âž ¢ Higdon, J. and Drake, V. J. (2011) An evidenced-based approach to vitamins and minerals: health benefits and intake recommendation. 2nd Edition. New York: Thieme. âž ¢ Kuil W. A D. (2012) Sources of dietary protein and risk of hypertension in a general Dutch population, British Journal of Nutrition, 108 (10), pp. 1897-1903. âž ¢ Martini F. H. (2006) Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. 7th Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education. pp. 39-58. âž ¢ Whitney, E. and Rolfes S. R. (2011) Understanding nutrition. 12th Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth. BIBLIOGRAPHY ONLINE âž ¢ British Dietetic Association (2013) Food fact sheet: sugar [Online] Available from: http://www.bda.uk.com/foodfacts/Sugar.pdf [Accessed on 20/02/02013] âž ¢ Georgetown University (2012) Proteins: what does it do? [Online] Available from: http://www.georgetown.edu/admin/auxiliarysrv/dining/nutrition/protein.html [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Stoner, L et al (2012) Preventing a Cardiovascular Disease Epidemic among Indigenous Populations through Lifestyle Changes. [Online] Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3354392/ [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. BOOKS âž ¢ Blomhoff R, et al. Health benefits of nuts: potential role of antioxidants. British Journal of Nutrition. 2006; 96. âž ¢ New Zealand. Ministry of Health (2003), Food and nutrition guideline for healthy adults: a background paper, Wellington: Ministry of Health. âž ¢ Rolfes, S. R. et al (2009) Understanding normal and clinical nutrition. 8th Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth. ONLINE VIDEOS âž ¢ Dairy: essential nutrition or health saboteur? – Keon, J. (2011) [Online video]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp9MwjW5QX0 [Accessed on 20/02/2013]. âž ¢ Good nutrition made easy: how to grow a healthy adult – Davidson, L. (2012) [Online video]. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qAeAzreESg [Accessed on 20/02/2013].

The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation

They atomic number 18 amazing, they argon unique and innocent. However, because of the devastating demoralization happening in the friendship straight off, they ar the anes becoming the victims of the station of the society today. Certainly, children ar the ones who ar becoming the main victims of the amic equal changes occurring today. It is undeni suitable that the situation plaguing the late ones today is indeed alarming, thus requiring upkeep from the governing involved in the process of face the utter changes. The y show uph argon the believe of todays society.This line has goodly been recognized by umteen modify as well as ontogenesis countries worldwide. This is the primary reason why it is unmingled that government organizations ar trying to decorate their best possible available assets to the instruction of the young times. However, not all of the members of the young generation actually quarter to accommodate an access on the s supporter program s. just ab forbidden of them, who belong to the minority groups of the society, are the ones who are in need of these programs. Yet, they are the ones who consider lesser access on the said governmental set-ups.As a result, young muckle who get charged with juvenile dereliction cases are increasing every year. The concomitant that they imbibe nothing better to do than to simply stay at infrastructure or wander more or less in the stets, they fetch the target of numerous gangs that are encouraging youths to join them in their wrongful acts If not, many of these youths bring forth several(prenominal) chaotic movements that grumpyly disturb the immaculate community. These youths certainly need help. However, one sad occupation is cosmosness confronted by the subject generation of children and youths.The person-to-person schooling in general aspect of humanity is being hindered by the challenges of juvenile delinquency. Most of the youths are being misled by outside and ruinous influences such as vices manifesting in gambling, penal doses, and bad companies. Most of the youths nowadays are falling into the pitfalls of becoming addictive to drug intoxication, alcoholism, and smoking. Others are sacrificing their educational pursuit for personal generatement to influences of bad companies such as gangs and groupies resulting to violence and companionable aggression.In addition, close to move of the generations of youths and children nowadays are falling as victims of social violence such as bullying, gang aggression, rape, harassment, and other abuses. Thus, the children and youths of the present generations are being misled to the adversities of the juvenile delinquency. In a relative scene of report-narration entitled atrocious dump, as written by Jonathan Kozov, the situation of the society today that addresses the problems with the youth and the ship canal by which they are involved in the pledge issueent issues of social downfall o f morale.The story of Kozol, he portrayed the situation in a more actual impression that related the present problems with the problems of the children on one particular community that he visited for observation. by this story, the author made it clear that heretofore though children are innocent, it is undeniable that with the considerable influences that they receive from the society that they live in at present affects the behavior that they feature towards the life sentence that they are facing in the future.The worse case to consider is that most of the children who are negatively influenced by the social carcasss are becoming juvenile delinquents true, with regards this fixings of the truth, the rate of those respective(prenominal)s becoming involved in juvenile delinquency issues continue to amplify every year. Nevertheless, society has already started pathetic to address this alarming social problem of juvenile delinquency with the youths and children.Concerned cit izens and community groups have already established non-profit organization to aid recovering victims and ex-delinquent in the search for the proper(a) way of developing themselves. These organizations have helped many youths and children of this present generation in the convalescence from the horror and adversities of the former delinquent life in the aim of realizing the full probable as significant and relevant individuals at bottom the society aiming for their personal and humanities development in the future.Peer Pressure and the Youth Influences sightedness the sample narration that Jonathan Kozol presented by the context of the story on the Amazing Grace, it could be observed that he pointed out that there are several points of context needing attention with regards the capability of the entire society to influence the young minds of the younger generation trying to make the best out of their future does yet. (Kozol, 13) THE researchers felt that they had it all evalu ate out. They had intently examined 200 children from their infancy through adolescence.They analyzed the parents, the home environs and the electric pig of each child. Then they predicted which of these children would become ingenious adults. It seemed simplea happy puerility under a pleasant family environment would produce a happy adult. subsequently waiting till the children became 30 historic period of age, they re-interviewed them. Furthermore, as the children ripen up, the young adults become more prone to different influences from the environment. The masses that they deal with everyday become the root word of the different values that they take in for themselves as they personally grow up.There are at least four major reasons why young people develop in the behavior that they grow up with. These four major dimensions of development could be noted as follows The family and the parents usually, the young children get the examples of acts from their parents which in turn they carry in themselves as they grow up. It is through this particular process that the young ones are able to comprehend with the impact that their parents are making on them as young adults. The surroundings and the Society As the young children grow older, the impact of the people living around them aside from their family members begins to leave an impact on their personality. True, the situation has been much more be by the psychologists that the arrange of the family and the society differ from each other. As for a fact, the dowry of effect that the society makes on the individual is far much higher than that of the effect of the family with development of the youngsters. The psychological need for toleration young ones aim to be legitimate especially if they have the capacity of being recognized.This is the reason why they usually take sides on those who they seem are able to recognize their capabilities. The decision making system of the youngsters They are usu ally deciding in different ways, most of the time, confusion gets in the way. This is the reason why it is very essential that they are given fine attention as they are being help with the personal development difficulties that they are dealing with at present. To understand the four dimensions better, the draw shall show the necessary illustration to inform better